Prostitutes, Mercenaries and Feminism: the Public and the Private in International Relations
Resumo
Feminist approaches have become increasingly present in International Relations studies. Using these theoretical perspectives, the present article analyzes the basis on which rests the prejudice toward prostitutes and employees of Military and Private Security Companies (MPSCs). The premise is that social constructions ideally locate the role of women in the private sphere, while public spaces are reserved for regular military soldiers. Our argument is that both the prostitute, when positioning herself in the public environment, and the MPSC employee, when in the private sphere, destabilize the expected idealities for their categories, generating distrust, repulsion, and uncertainty.
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Referências
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AUGUSTÍN, L. M. New Research Directions: the cultural study of commercial sex. Sexualities, v. 8, n. 5, pp. 618-31, 2005.
AVANT, D. The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
BARRY, K. L. The Prostitution of Sexuality. New York: NYU Press, 1996.
BARRY, K. L. Female Sexual Slavery. New York: NYU Press, 1984.
BOURDIEU, P. Masculine Domination. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002.
BRYSON, V. Gender and the Politics of Time: Feminist Theory and Contemporary
Debates. Briston: Policy Press, 2007.
CAPRIOLI, M; BOYER, M. Gender, Violence, and International Crisis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, v. 45, n. 4, pp. 503-18, 2001.
CHAPKIS, W. Live Sex Acts: Women Performing Erotic Labour. London: Cassell, 1997.
CHESTERMAN, S; LEHARDT, C (eds.). From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
DELACOSTE, F; ALEXANDER, P. Sex Work: Writings by Women in the Sex Industry. London: Women’s Press, 1998.
EICHLER, M. (ed.). Gender and Private Security in Global Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
ELSHTAIN, J. B. Women and War. New York: Basic Books, 1987.
ENLOE, C. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, 2nd edition. Berkeley: California University Press, 2014.
FRASER, N; NICHOLSON, L. J. Social Criticism Without Philosophy: An Encounter Between Feminism and Postmodernism. In: NICHOLSON, L. J. (eds). Feminism/postmodernism. New York: Routledge, 1990.
GORMAN-MURRAY, A. Masculinity and the Home: A Critical Review and Conceptual
Framework. Australian Geographer, v. 39, n. 3, pp. 367-79, 2008.
HOOPER, C. Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
HUTCHINGS, K. International Political Theory. London: SAGE, 1999.
JAGGAR, A. M. Feminist politics and human nature. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1983.
JEFFREYS, S. The Idea of Prostitution. North Melbourne: Spinifex, 1997.
JESSON, J. Understanding Adolescent Female Prostitution: A Literature Review. The British Journal of Sexual Work, v. 23, n. 5, pp. 517-30, 1993.
KESLER, K. Is a Feminist Stance in Support of Prostitution Possible? An Exploration of Current Trends. Sexualities, v. 5, n. 2, pp. 219-35, 2002.
LANNING, M. Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, from Ancient Greece to Today´s Private Military Companies. New York: Ballantine Books, 2005.
LAPID, Y. The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era. International Studies Quarterly, v. 33, n. 3, pp. 235-54, 1989.
LÖFGREN, O. The Sweetness of Home. In: LÖW, S. M.; LAWRENCE-ZÚÑIGA, D. (eds.) The Anthropology of Space and Place, Locating Culture. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 142-60, 2003.
MCGLEN, N.; SARKEES, M. R. Women in Foreign Policy: The Insiders. New York: Routledge, 1993.
MOHANTY, C. T; RUSSO, A; TORRES, L. Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.
NAGLE, J. (ed). Whores and Other Feminists. New York and London: Routledge, 1997.
OSTENSEN, A. G. Outsorcing Peace? The United Nations’ Use of Private Security and Military Companies. Saarbrucken: VDM Verlag, 2009.
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O’CONNELL DAVIDSON, J. The Rights and Wrongs of Prostitution. Hypatia, v. 17, n. 2, pp. 84-98, 2002.
O’CONNELL DAVIDSON, J. Prostitution, Power, and Freedom. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998.
O’NEILL, M. Prostitution and Feminism: Towards a Politics of Feeling. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001.
PATEMAN, C. The Sexual Contract. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
PERCY, S. Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
PETERSON, V. S.; RUNYAN, A. S. Global Gender Issues in the New Millennium, 3rd edition. Boulder: Westview Press, 2010.
PHETERSON, G. (ed.) A Vindication of the Rights of Whores. Seattle: Seal Press, 1989.
PRÜGL, E. The Global Construction of Gender: Home-based Work in the Political Economy of the 20th Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
REZEANU, C. I. The Relationship Between Domestic Space and Gender Identity: Some Signs of Emergence of Alternative Domestic Femininity and Masculinity. Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology, v. 6, n. 2, pp. 9-29, 2015.
SCOULAR, J. The Subject of Prostitution: Interpreting the Discursive, Symbolic, and Material Position of Sex/Work in Feminist Theory. Feminist Theory, v. 5, n. 3, pp. 343-55, 2004.
SHEPHERD, L. Sex or Gender? Bodies in World Politics and Why Gender Matters. In: SHEPHERD, L. (ed.). Gender Matters in Global Politics: A feminist introduction to International Relations. London: Routledge, pp. 3-16, 2010.
SILTANEN, J; STANWORTH, M. The Politics of Private Woman and Public Man. Theory and Society, v. 13, n. 1, pp. 91-118, 1984.
SINGER, P. W. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
SJOBERG, L; TICKNER, J. A. Feminist Perspectives on International Relations. In: Carlsnaes, W. et al. Handbook of International Relations. London: SAGE, pp. 170-94, 2013a.
SJOBERG, L.; Tickner, J. A. Feminism. In: DUNNE, Tim. (ed.) International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 205-22, 2013b.
STACHOWITSCH, S. Military Privatization as a Gendered Process: A Case for Integrating Feminist International Relations and Feminist State Theories. In: EICHLER, M. (ed.) Gender and Private Security in Global Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
STEANS, J. Gender and International Relations: An Introduction. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
STEANS, J. Gender and International Relations: Issues, Debates and Future Directions. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006.
SYLVESTER, C. The Contributions of Feminist Theory to International Relations. In: SMITH, Steve. et al. International Theory: Positivism and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
SYLVESTER, C. Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
THOMSON, J. E. Mercenaries, Pirates, & Sovereigns. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
TICKNER, J. A. Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post–Cold War Era. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
TRUE, J. Feminism. In: BURCHILL, Scott. (ed.) Theories of International Relations, 3rd edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 213-34, 2005.
UESSELER, R. Guerra como prestação de serviços: a destruição das democracias pelas empresas militares privadas. São Paulo: Estação Liberdade, 2008.
WEST, J.; AUSTRIN, T. Markets and Politics: Public and Private Relations in the Case of Prostitution. The Sociological Review v. 53, pp. 136-48, 2005.
WHITWORTH, S. Feminism and International Relations: Towards a Political Economy of Gender in Interstate and Non-governmental Institutions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994.
WHITWORTH, S. Feminism. In: REUS-SMITH, Christian; SNIDAL, Duncan. The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 391-407, 2008.
ZALEWSKI, M. Feminism after Postmodernism: Theorizing Through Practice. London: Routledge, 2000.
AUGUSTÍN, L. M. New Research Directions: the cultural study of commercial sex. Sexualities, v. 8, n. 5, pp. 618-31, 2005.
AVANT, D. The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
BARRY, K. L. The Prostitution of Sexuality. New York: NYU Press, 1996.
BARRY, K. L. Female Sexual Slavery. New York: NYU Press, 1984.
BOURDIEU, P. Masculine Domination. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002.
BRYSON, V. Gender and the Politics of Time: Feminist Theory and Contemporary
Debates. Briston: Policy Press, 2007.
CAPRIOLI, M; BOYER, M. Gender, Violence, and International Crisis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, v. 45, n. 4, pp. 503-18, 2001.
CHAPKIS, W. Live Sex Acts: Women Performing Erotic Labour. London: Cassell, 1997.
CHESTERMAN, S; LEHARDT, C (eds.). From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
DELACOSTE, F; ALEXANDER, P. Sex Work: Writings by Women in the Sex Industry. London: Women’s Press, 1998.
EICHLER, M. (ed.). Gender and Private Security in Global Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
ELSHTAIN, J. B. Women and War. New York: Basic Books, 1987.
ENLOE, C. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, 2nd edition. Berkeley: California University Press, 2014.
FRASER, N; NICHOLSON, L. J. Social Criticism Without Philosophy: An Encounter Between Feminism and Postmodernism. In: NICHOLSON, L. J. (eds). Feminism/postmodernism. New York: Routledge, 1990.
GORMAN-MURRAY, A. Masculinity and the Home: A Critical Review and Conceptual
Framework. Australian Geographer, v. 39, n. 3, pp. 367-79, 2008.
HOOPER, C. Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
HUTCHINGS, K. International Political Theory. London: SAGE, 1999.
JAGGAR, A. M. Feminist politics and human nature. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1983.
JEFFREYS, S. The Idea of Prostitution. North Melbourne: Spinifex, 1997.
JESSON, J. Understanding Adolescent Female Prostitution: A Literature Review. The British Journal of Sexual Work, v. 23, n. 5, pp. 517-30, 1993.
KESLER, K. Is a Feminist Stance in Support of Prostitution Possible? An Exploration of Current Trends. Sexualities, v. 5, n. 2, pp. 219-35, 2002.
LANNING, M. Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, from Ancient Greece to Today´s Private Military Companies. New York: Ballantine Books, 2005.
LAPID, Y. The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era. International Studies Quarterly, v. 33, n. 3, pp. 235-54, 1989.
LÖFGREN, O. The Sweetness of Home. In: LÖW, S. M.; LAWRENCE-ZÚÑIGA, D. (eds.) The Anthropology of Space and Place, Locating Culture. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 142-60, 2003.
MCGLEN, N.; SARKEES, M. R. Women in Foreign Policy: The Insiders. New York: Routledge, 1993.
MOHANTY, C. T; RUSSO, A; TORRES, L. Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.
NAGLE, J. (ed). Whores and Other Feminists. New York and London: Routledge, 1997.
OSTENSEN, A. G. Outsorcing Peace? The United Nations’ Use of Private Security and Military Companies. Saarbrucken: VDM Verlag, 2009.
OUTSHOORN, J. Introduction: prostitution, women’s movements and democratic politics. In: OUTSHOORN, J. (ed). The Politics of Prostitution: Women’s Movements, Democratic States, and the Globalisation of Sex Commerce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1-20, 2004.
OVERALL, C. What’s Wrong with Prostitution? Evaluating Sex Work. Signs, v. 17, n. 4, pp. 705-24, 1992.
O’CONNELL DAVIDSON, J. The Rights and Wrongs of Prostitution. Hypatia, v. 17, n. 2, pp. 84-98, 2002.
O’CONNELL DAVIDSON, J. Prostitution, Power, and Freedom. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998.
O’NEILL, M. Prostitution and Feminism: Towards a Politics of Feeling. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001.
PATEMAN, C. The Sexual Contract. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
PERCY, S. Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
PETERSON, V. S.; RUNYAN, A. S. Global Gender Issues in the New Millennium, 3rd edition. Boulder: Westview Press, 2010.
PHETERSON, G. (ed.) A Vindication of the Rights of Whores. Seattle: Seal Press, 1989.
PRÜGL, E. The Global Construction of Gender: Home-based Work in the Political Economy of the 20th Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
REZEANU, C. I. The Relationship Between Domestic Space and Gender Identity: Some Signs of Emergence of Alternative Domestic Femininity and Masculinity. Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology, v. 6, n. 2, pp. 9-29, 2015.
SCOULAR, J. The Subject of Prostitution: Interpreting the Discursive, Symbolic, and Material Position of Sex/Work in Feminist Theory. Feminist Theory, v. 5, n. 3, pp. 343-55, 2004.
SHEPHERD, L. Sex or Gender? Bodies in World Politics and Why Gender Matters. In: SHEPHERD, L. (ed.). Gender Matters in Global Politics: A feminist introduction to International Relations. London: Routledge, pp. 3-16, 2010.
SILTANEN, J; STANWORTH, M. The Politics of Private Woman and Public Man. Theory and Society, v. 13, n. 1, pp. 91-118, 1984.
SINGER, P. W. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
SJOBERG, L; TICKNER, J. A. Feminist Perspectives on International Relations. In: Carlsnaes, W. et al. Handbook of International Relations. London: SAGE, pp. 170-94, 2013a.
SJOBERG, L.; Tickner, J. A. Feminism. In: DUNNE, Tim. (ed.) International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 205-22, 2013b.
STACHOWITSCH, S. Military Privatization as a Gendered Process: A Case for Integrating Feminist International Relations and Feminist State Theories. In: EICHLER, M. (ed.) Gender and Private Security in Global Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
STEANS, J. Gender and International Relations: An Introduction. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
STEANS, J. Gender and International Relations: Issues, Debates and Future Directions. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006.
SYLVESTER, C. The Contributions of Feminist Theory to International Relations. In: SMITH, Steve. et al. International Theory: Positivism and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
SYLVESTER, C. Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
THOMSON, J. E. Mercenaries, Pirates, & Sovereigns. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
TICKNER, J. A. Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post–Cold War Era. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
TRUE, J. Feminism. In: BURCHILL, Scott. (ed.) Theories of International Relations, 3rd edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 213-34, 2005.
UESSELER, R. Guerra como prestação de serviços: a destruição das democracias pelas empresas militares privadas. São Paulo: Estação Liberdade, 2008.
WEST, J.; AUSTRIN, T. Markets and Politics: Public and Private Relations in the Case of Prostitution. The Sociological Review v. 53, pp. 136-48, 2005.
WHITWORTH, S. Feminism and International Relations: Towards a Political Economy of Gender in Interstate and Non-governmental Institutions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994.
WHITWORTH, S. Feminism. In: REUS-SMITH, Christian; SNIDAL, Duncan. The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 391-407, 2008.
ZALEWSKI, M. Feminism after Postmodernism: Theorizing Through Practice. London: Routledge, 2000.
Publicado
20-08-2024
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Santos, W. M. dos, & Mendes, C. (2024). Prostitutes, Mercenaries and Feminism: the Public and the Private in International Relations. Estudos Internacionais: Revista De relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 11(3), 72-88. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2023v11n3p72-88
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